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Learn Roman Numerals for School

Practice converting between Roman numerals and decimal numbers for history, math, and classical studies.

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Roman numeral
MMXXIV

Common values

Roman numeral rules: I=1, V=5, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000.

Subtractive notation: IV=4, IX=9, XL=40, XC=90, CD=400, CM=900. Standard numerals max out at MMMCMXCIX (3999).

Vinculum: a bar over a numeral multiplies it by 1000 (VΜ… = 5000, XΜ… = 10000, MΜ… = 1,000,000), extending the range to 3,999,999.

Education tips

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Use the preset buttons to explore tricky conversions: 4 (IV), 9 (IX), 40 (XL), 90 (XC), 400 (CD), 900 (CM) β€” these are the subtractive notation cases.

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Subtractive notation rule: when a smaller symbol precedes a larger one, subtract it. IV = 5βˆ’1 = 4. XL = 50βˆ’10 = 40. CM = 1000βˆ’100 = 900.

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Romans didn't have zero or negative numbers. The system only goes from 1 to 3999. Numbers beyond 3999 required special notation not in standard use.

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Test yourself: convert 1999 before checking. It's MCMXCIX (M=1000, CM=900, XC=90, IX=9). Complicated but follows the rules!

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